Experiences of exclusion or prejudice can create emotional vulnerabilities that perpetrators may exploit by offering false promises of acceptance and belonging. They may be unclear of how to explore cultural/sexual identity safely.

Difficulties adapting to a new culture, or facing negative societal attitudes toward immigration can lead to isolation and increased susceptibility to exploitation.

Uncertainty about one’s place in society can make children and young people more vulnerable to individuals or groups offering a sense of identity, purpose, or community.

Limited ability to communicate effectively can hinder access to support, reduce understanding of rights, and make it harder for children and young people to recognise or report exploitative situations.

When support services do not reflect or respect children and young people’s cultural and social identity, engagement may be reduced, leaving them without vital protection and guidance.

Differences in cultural values or expectations between children and young people and their families can lead to misunderstanding and emotional disconnection, increasing vulnerability.

Fear of judgement or shame may prevent children and young people from seeking help, especially in tightly knit or traditional communities.